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Ref Type Journal Article
PMID (31270078)
Authors Apsel Winger B, Cortopassi WA, Garrido Ruiz D, Ding L, Jang K, Leyte-Vidal A, Zhang N, Esteve-Puig R, Jacobson MP, Shah NP
Title ATP-Competitive Inhibitors Midostaurin and Avapritinib Have Distinct Resistance Profiles in Exon 17-Mutant KIT.
Journal Vol Issue Date Pages Journal Short Title
Cancer research 79 16 2019 Aug 15 4283-4292 Cancer Res
URL
Abstract Text KIT is a type-3 receptor tyrosine kinase that is frequently mutated at exon 11 or 17 in a variety of cancers. First-generation KIT tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) are ineffective against KIT exon 17 mutations, which favor an active conformation that prevents these TKIs from binding. The ATP-competitive inhibitors, midostaurin and avapritinib, which target the active kinase conformation, were developed to inhibit exon 17-mutant KIT. Because secondary kinase domain mutations are a common mechanism of TKI resistance and guide ensuing TKI design, we sought to define problematic KIT kinase domain mutations for these emerging therapeutics. Midostaurin and avapritinib displayed different vulnerabilities to secondary kinase domain substitutions, with the T670I gatekeeper mutation being selectively problematic for avapritinib. Although gatekeeper mutations often directly disrupt inhibitor binding, we provide evidence that T670I confers avapritinib resistance indirectly by inducing distant conformational changes in the phosphate-binding loop. These findings suggest combining midostaurin and avapritinib may forestall acquired resistance mediated by secondary kinase domain mutations. SIGNIFICANCE: This study identifies potential problematic kinase domain mutations for next-generation KIT inhibitors midostaurin and avapritinib.

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Molecular Profile Treatment Approach
Gene Name Source Synonyms Protein Domains Gene Description Gene Role
Therapy Name Drugs Efficacy Evidence Clinical Trials
Drug Name Trade Name Synonyms Drug Classes Drug Description
Gene Variant Impact Protein Effect Variant Description Associated with drug Resistance
KIT D677N missense unknown KIT D677N lies within the protein kinase domain of the Kit protein (UniProt.org). D677N is associated with drug resistance when in the context of an activating KIT mutation (PMID: 31270078), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Kit protein function is unknown (PubMed, May 2023). Y
KIT T670V missense unknown KIT T670V lies within the protein kinase domain of the Kit protein (UniProt.org). T670V has been identified in the scientific literature (PMID: 31270078), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Kit protein function is unknown (PubMed, Apr 2023).
KIT Y672C missense unknown KIT Y672C lies within the protein kinase domain of the Kit protein (UniProt.org). Y672C is associated with decreased KIT inhibitor sensitivity when in the context of an activating KIT mutation in culture (PMID: 31270078), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Kit protein function is unknown (PubMed, Jul 2023).
Molecular Profile Indication/Tumor Type Response Type Therapy Name Approval Status Evidence Type Efficacy Evidence References
KIT T670I KIT D816V Advanced Solid Tumor decreased response Midostaurin Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT D816V and KIT T670I demonstrated a decreased response compared to cells expressing KIT D816V alone when treated with Rydapt (midostaurin) in culture (PMID: 31270078). 31270078
KIT N655K KIT D816V Advanced Solid Tumor resistant Midostaurin Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT D816V and KIT N655K demonstrated resistance to treatment with Rydapt (midostaurin) in culture compared to cells expressing KIT D816V alone (PMID: 31270078). 31270078
KIT Y672C KIT D816V Advanced Solid Tumor decreased response Midostaurin Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT D816V and KIT Y672C demonstrated a decreased response compared to cells expressing KIT D816V alone when treated with Rydapt (midostaurin) in culture (PMID: 31270078). 31270078
KIT T670V KIT D816V Advanced Solid Tumor predicted - resistant Avapritinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT D816V and KIT T670V demonstrated some resistance to treatment with Ayvakit (avapritinib) in culture (PMID: 31270078). 31270078
KIT N655K KIT D816V Advanced Solid Tumor predicted - sensitive Avapritinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT D816V and KIT N655K demonstrated some sensitivity to treatment with Ayvakit (avapritinib) in culture (PMID: 31270078). 31270078
KIT Y672C KIT D816V Advanced Solid Tumor predicted - sensitive Avapritinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT D816V and KIT Y672C demonstrated some sensitivity to treatment with Ayvakit (avapritinib) in culture (PMID: 31270078). 31270078
KIT V560D KIT V654A Advanced Solid Tumor decreased response Avapritinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT V560D and KIT V654A demonstrated a decreased response to treatment with Ayvakit (avapritinib) compared to cells expressing KIT V560D alone in culture (PMID: 31270078). 31270078
KIT D677N KIT D816V Advanced Solid Tumor resistant Midostaurin Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT D816V and KIT D677N demonstrated resistance to treatment with Rydapt (midostaurin) in culture compared to cells expressing KIT D816V alone (PMID: 31270078). 31270078
KIT D677N KIT D816V Advanced Solid Tumor predicted - sensitive Avapritinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT D816V and KIT D677N demonstrated some sensitivity to treatment with Ayvakit (avapritinib) in culture (PMID: 31270078). 31270078
KIT V560D gastrointestinal stromal tumor predicted - sensitive Avapritinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells expressing KIT V560D were sensitive to treatment with Ayvakit (avapritinib) in culture, demonstrating decreased cell growth (PMID: 31270078). 31270078
KIT T670I gastrointestinal stromal tumor predicted - resistant Avapritinib Phase I Actionable In a Phase I trial, patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors harboring either KIT V654A or KIT T670I demonstrated decreased overall response rate (0%, 0/25 vs. 26%, 22/84) and increased progressive disease rate (72% vs 23%) compared to those without either KIT mutation when treated with Ayvakit (avapritinib) (PMID: 31270078; NCT02508532). 31270078
KIT D816V Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Midostaurin Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells expressing KIT D816V were sensitive to treatment with Rydapt (midostaurin) in culture, demonstrating decreased cell proliferation (PMID: 31270078). 31270078
KIT D816V Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Avapritinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells expressing KIT D816V were sensitive to treatment with Ayvakit (avapritinib) in culture, demonstrating decreased cell proliferation (PMID: 31270078). 31270078
KIT T670A KIT D816V Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Midostaurin Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT D816V and KIT T670A were sensitive to treatment with Rydapt (midostaurin) in culture, demonstrating decreased cell proliferation (PMID: 31270078). 31270078
KIT V654A gastrointestinal stromal tumor predicted - resistant Avapritinib Phase I Actionable In a Phase I trial, patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors harboring either KIT V654A or KIT T670I demonstrated decreased overall response rate (0%, 0/25 vs. 26%, 22/84) and increased progressive disease rate (72% vs 23%) compared to those without either KIT mutation when treated with Ayvakit (avapritinib) (PMID: 31270078; NCT02508532). 31270078
KIT V654A KIT D816V Advanced Solid Tumor resistant Midostaurin Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT D816V and KIT V654A demonstrated resistance to treatment with Rydapt (midostaurin) in culture compared to cells expressing KIT D816V alone (PMID: 31270078). 31270078
KIT T670I KIT D816V Advanced Solid Tumor resistant Avapritinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT D816V and KIT T670I demonstrated resistance to treatment with Ayvakit (avapritinib) in culture (PMID: 31270078). 31270078
KIT T670V KIT D816V Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Midostaurin Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT D816V and KIT T670V were sensitive to treatment with Rydapt (midostaurin) in culture, demonstrating decreased cell proliferation (PMID: 31270078). 31270078
KIT V654A KIT D816V Advanced Solid Tumor predicted - sensitive Avapritinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT D816V and KIT V654A demonstrated some sensitivity to treatment with Ayvakit (avapritinib) in culture (PMID: 31270078). 31270078
KIT T670A KIT D816V Advanced Solid Tumor sensitive Avapritinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, transformed cells co-expressing KIT D816V and KIT T670A demonstrated sensitivity to treatment with Ayvakit (avapritinib) in culture (PMID: 31270078). 31270078