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Ref Type Journal Article
PMID (31911531)
Authors Krook MA, Lenyo A, Wilberding M, Barker H, Dantuono M, Bailey KM, Chen HZ, Reeser JW, Wing MR, Miya J, Samorodnitsky E, Smith AM, Dao T, Martin DM, Ciombor KK, Hays J, Freud AG, Roychowdhury S
Title Efficacy of FGFR Inhibitors and Combination Therapies for Acquired Resistance in FGFR2-Fusion Cholangiocarcinoma.
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Abstract Text The fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling pathway is aberrantly activated in approximately 15% to 20% of patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Currently, several FGFR kinase inhibitors are being assessed in clinical trials for patients with FGFR-altered cholangiocarcinoma. Despite evidence of initial responses and disease control, virtually all patients eventually develop acquired resistance. Thus, there is a critical need for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies to overcome acquired drug resistance. Here, we present findings from a patient with FGFR2-altered metastatic cholangiocarcinoma who enrolled in a phase II clinical trial of the FGFR inhibitor, infigratinib (BGJ398). Treatment was initially effective as demonstrated by imaging and tumor marker response; however, after 8 months on trial, the patient exhibited tumor regrowth and disease progression. Targeted sequencing of tumor DNA after disease progression revealed the FGFR2 kinase domain p.E565A and p.L617M single-nucleotide variants (SNV) hypothesized to drive acquired resistance to infigratinib. The sensitivities of these FGFR2 SNVs, which were detected post-infigratinib therapy, were extended to include clinically relevant FGFR inhibitors, including AZD4547, erdafitinib (JNJ-42756493), dovitinib, ponatinib, and TAS120, and were evaluated in vitro Through a proteomics approach, we identified upregulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in cells harboring the FGFR2 p.E565A mutation and demonstrated that combination therapy strategies with FGFR and mTOR inhibitors may be used to overcome resistance to FGFR inhibition, specific to infigratinib. Collectively, these studies support the development of novel combination therapeutic strategies in addition to the next generation of FGFR inhibitors to overcome acquired resistance in patients.

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Molecular Profile Treatment Approach
Gene Name Source Synonyms Protein Domains Gene Description Gene Role
Therapy Name Drugs Efficacy Evidence Clinical Trials
Drug Name Trade Name Synonyms Drug Classes Drug Description
Gene Variant Impact Protein Effect Variant Description Associated with drug Resistance
FGFR2 E565A missense gain of function FGFR2 E565A lies within the protein kinase domain of the Fgfr2 protein (UniProt.org). E565A demonstrates resistance to FGFR inhibitors in the context of FGFR2-SHTN1 in culture (PMID: 31911531), and results in increased Fgfr2 autophosphorylation and substrate phosphorylation in in vitro kinase assays (PMID: 17803937, PMID: 28166054). Y
FGFR2 L617M missense unknown FGFR2 L617M lies within the protein kinase domain of the Fgfr2 protein (UniProt.org). L617M has been demonstrated to confer resistance to FGFR inhibitors as a secondary resistance mutation in the context of FGFR2 fusions (PMID: 31911531), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Fgfr2 protein function is unknown (PubMed, Oct 2023). Y
Molecular Profile Indication/Tumor Type Response Type Therapy Name Approval Status Evidence Type Efficacy Evidence References