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Ref Type Journal Article
PMID (25421750)
Authors Ceccon M, Mologni L, Giudici G, Piazza R, Pirola A, Fontana D, Gambacorti-Passerini C
Title Treatment Efficacy and Resistance Mechanisms Using the Second-Generation ALK Inhibitor AP26113 in Human NPM-ALK-Positive Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma.
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Abstract Text ALK is a tyrosine kinase receptor involved in a broad range of solid and hematologic tumors. Among 70% to 80% of ALK(+) anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL) are caused by the aberrant oncogenic fusion protein NPM-ALK. Crizotinib was the first clinically relevant ALK inhibitor, now approved for the treatment of late-stage and metastatic cases of lung cancer. However, patients frequently develop drug resistance to Crizotinib, mainly due to the appearance of point mutations located in the ALK kinase domain. Fortunately, other inhibitors are available and in clinical trial, suggesting the potential for second-line therapies to overcome Crizotinib resistance. This study focuses on the ongoing phase I/II trial small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) AP26113, by Ariad Pharmaceuticals, which targets both ALK and EGFR. Two NPM-ALK(+) human cell lines, KARPAS-299 and SUP-M2, were grown in the presence of increasing concentrations of AP26113, and eight lines were selected that demonstrated resistance. All lines show IC50 values higher (130 to 1,000-fold) than the parental line. Mechanistically, KARPAS-299 populations resistant to AP26113 show NPM-ALK overexpression, whereas SUP-M2-resistant cells harbor several point mutations spanning the entire ALK kinase domain. In particular, amino acid substitutions: L1196M, S1206C, the double F1174V+L1198F and L1122V+L1196M mutations were identified. The knowledge of the possible appearance of new clinically relevant mechanisms of drug resistance is a useful tool for the management of new TKI-resistant cases.This work defines reliable ALCL model systems of AP26113 resistance and provides a valuable tool in the management of all cases of relapse upon NPM-ALK-targeted therapy.

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Molecular Profile Treatment Approach
Gene Name Source Synonyms Protein Domains Gene Description Gene Role
Therapy Name Drugs Efficacy Evidence Clinical Trials
Drug Name Trade Name Synonyms Drug Classes Drug Description
Gene Variant Impact Protein Effect Variant Description Associated with drug Resistance
ALK L1122V missense unknown ALK L1122V lies within the protein kinase domain of the Alk protein (UniProt.org). L1122V has been demonstrated to occur as a secondary drug resistance mutation in the context of ALK fusions (PMID: 29650534, PMID: 25421750), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Alk protein function is unknown (PubMed, Nov 2023). Y
ALK L1196M missense gain of function ALK L1196M lies within the protein kinase domain of the Alk protein (UniProt.org). L1196M results in increased Alk kinase activity (PMID: 30258533), modest Alk autophosphorylation, and transformation in cell culture (PMID: 25517749), and confers resistance to Alk inhibitors in the context of ALK rearrangements in culture and in vivo (PMID: 21613408, PMID: 25421750, PMID: 31452835). Y
ALK P1139S missense unknown ALK P1139S lies within the protein kinase domain of the Alk protein (UniProt.org). P1139S has been associated with decreased sensitivity to some ALK inhibitors in the context of NPM1-ALK (PMID: 25421750), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Alk protein function is unknown (PubMed, Aug 2023).
ALK S1206C missense unknown ALK S1206C lies within the protein kinase domain of the Alk protein (UniProt.org). S1206C has been demonstrated to occur as a secondary drug resistance mutation in the context of ALK compound mutations (PMID: 25421750), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Alk protein function is unknown (PubMed, Dec 2023). Y
Molecular Profile Indication/Tumor Type Response Type Therapy Name Approval Status Evidence Type Efficacy Evidence References