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Ref Type Journal Article
PMID (21383288)
Authors Wagle N, Emery C, Berger MF, Davis MJ, Sawyer A, Pochanard P, Kehoe SM, Johannessen CM, Macconaill LE, Hahn WC, Meyerson M, Garraway LA
Title Dissecting therapeutic resistance to RAF inhibition in melanoma by tumor genomic profiling.
URL
Abstract Text A detailed understanding of the mechanisms by which tumors acquire resistance to targeted anticancer agents should speed the development of treatment strategies with lasting clinical efficacy. RAF inhibition in BRAF-mutant melanoma exemplifies the promise and challenge of many targeted drugs; although response rates are high, resistance invariably develops. Here, we articulate overarching principles of resistance to kinase inhibitors, as well as a translational approach to characterize resistance in the clinical setting through tumor mutation profiling. As a proof of principle, we performed targeted, massively parallel sequencing of 138 cancer genes in a tumor obtained from a patient with melanoma who developed resistance to PLX4032 after an initial dramatic response. The resulting profile identified an activating mutation at codon 121 in the downstream kinase MEK1 that was absent in the corresponding pretreatment tumor. The MEK1(C121S) mutation was shown to increase kinase activity and confer robust resistance to both RAF and MEK inhibition in vitro. Thus, MEK1(C121S) or functionally similar mutations are predicted to confer resistance to combined MEK/RAF inhibition. These results provide an instructive framework for assessing mechanisms of acquired resistance to kinase inhibition and illustrate the use of emerging technologies in a manner that may accelerate personalized cancer medicine.

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Molecular Profile Treatment Approach
Gene Name Source Synonyms Protein Domains Gene Description Gene Role
Therapy Name Drugs Efficacy Evidence Clinical Trials
Drug Name Trade Name Synonyms Drug Classes Drug Description
Gene Variant Impact Protein Effect Variant Description Associated with drug Resistance
MAP2K1 C121S missense gain of function MAP2K1 C121S lies within the protein kinase domain of the Map2k1 protein (UniProt.org). C121S confers a gain of function on the Map2k1 protein as demonstrated by increased Erk1/2 (PMID: 25899310) and Mek phosphorylation in culture and confers acquired resistance to Raf and Mek inhibitors (PMID: 21383288, PMID: 24448821, PMID: 29483135, PMID: 29753091). Y
Molecular Profile Indication/Tumor Type Response Type Therapy Name Approval Status Evidence Type Efficacy Evidence References
BRAF V600E MAP2K1 C121S melanoma resistant Vemurafenib Case Reports/Case Series Actionable In a clinical case study, a patient harboring BRAF V600E demonstrated an initial response to treatment with Zelboraf (vemurafenib), but progressed following emergence of a MAP2K1 C121S mutation (PMID: 21383288). 21383288
BRAF V600E MAP2K1 C121S melanoma resistant PLX4720 Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, expression of MAP2K1 C121S conferred resistance to PLX4720 in melanoma cells harboring BRAF V600E in culture (PMID: 21383288). 21383288