Reference Detail

Ref Type

Journal Article

PMID

(30322862)

Authors

Redaelli S, Ceccon M, Zappa M, Sharma GG, Mastini C, Mauri M, Nigoghossian M, Massimino L, Cordani N, Farina F, Piazza R, Gambacorti-Passerini C, Mologni L

Title

Lorlatinib Treatment Elicits Multiple On- and Off-Target Mechanisms of Resistance in ALK-Driven Cancer.

Journal	Vol	Issue	Date	Pages	Journal Short Title
Cancer research	78	24	2018 Dec 15	6866-6880	Cancer Res

URL

Abstract Text

: Targeted therapy changed the standard of care in ALK-dependent tumors. However, resistance remains a major challenge. Lorlatinib is a third-generation ALK inhibitor that inhibits most ALK mutants resistant to current ALK inhibitors. In this study, we utilize lorlatinib-resistant anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and neuroblastoma cell lines in vitro and in vivo to investigate the acquisition of resistance and its underlying mechanisms. ALCL cells acquired compound ALK mutations G1202R/G1269A and C1156F/L1198F in vitro at high drug concentrations. ALCL xenografts selected in vivo showed recurrent N1178H (5/10 mice) and G1269A (4/10 mice) mutations. Interestingly, intracellular localization of NPM/ALKN1178H skewed toward the cytoplasm in human cells, possibly mimicking overexpression. RNA sequencing of resistant cells showed significant alteration of PI3K/AKT and RAS/MAPK pathways. Functional validation by small-molecule inhibitors confirmed the involvement of these pathways in resistance to lorlatinib. NSCLC cells exposed in vitro to lorlatinib acquired hyperactivation of EGFR, which was blocked by erlotinib to restore sensitivity to lorlatinib. In neuroblastoma, whole-exome sequencing and proteomic profiling of lorlatinib-resistant cells revealed a truncating NF1 mutation and hyperactivation of EGFR and ErbB4. These data provide an extensive characterization of resistance mechanisms that may arise in different ALK-positive cancers following lorlatinib treatment. SIGNIFICANCE: High-throughput genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic profiling reveals various mechanisms by which multiple tumor types acquire resistance to the third-generation ALK inhibitor lorlatinib.

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Molecular Profile	Treatment Approach

Gene Name	Source	Synonyms	Protein Domains	Gene Description	Gene Role

Therapy Name	Drugs	Efficacy Evidence	Clinical Trials

Drug Name	Trade Name	Synonyms	Drug Classes	Drug Description

Gene	Variant	Impact	Protein Effect	Variant Description	Associated with drug Resistance
ALK	C1156F	missense	unknown	ALK C1156F lies within the protein kinase domain of the Alk protein (UniProt.org). C1156F has been demonstrated to occur as a secondary drug resistance mutation in the context of NPM1-ALK (PMID: 25749034, PMID: 30322862) and other Alk rearrangements (PMID: 36203454), but has not been biochemically characterized and therefore, its effect on Alk protein function is unknown (PubMed, Nov 2022).	Y

Molecular Profile	Indication/Tumor Type	Response Type	Therapy Name	Approval Status	Evidence Type	Efficacy Evidence	References
ALK F1174L	neuroblastoma	predicted - sensitive	Lorlatinib	Preclinical - Cell culture	Actionable	In a preclinical study, neuroblastoma cells harboring ALK F1174L were resistant to Lorbrena (lorlatinib) in culture (PMID: 30322862).	30322862