Gene Variant Detail

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Gene HRAS
Variant G12C
Impact List missense
Protein Effect loss of function
Gene Variant Descriptions HRAS G12C does not lie within any known functional domains of the Hras protein (UniProt.org). G12C results in decreased Hras GTPase activity, loss of sensitivity to GTPase-activating proteins, thus leads to transformation of cells in culture (PMID: 24224811, PMID: 6092966).
Associated Drug Resistance

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Transcript NM_005343.3
gDNA chr11:g.534289C>A
cDNA c.34G>T
Protein p.G12C
Source Database RefSeq
Genome Build GRCh38/hg38
Transcript gDNA cDNA Protein Source Database Genome Build
NM_001130442 chr11:g.534289C>A c.34G>T p.G12C RefSeq GRCh38/hg38
NM_176795.4 chr11:g.534289C>A c.34G>T p.G12C RefSeq GRCh38/hg38
NM_005343 chr11:g.534289C>A c.34G>T p.G12C RefSeq GRCh38/hg38
NM_005343.3 chr11:g.534289C>A c.34G>T p.G12C RefSeq GRCh38/hg38
NM_001130442.2 chr11:g.534289C>A c.34G>T p.G12C RefSeq GRCh38/hg38
NM_176795 chr11:g.534289C>A c.34G>T p.G12C RefSeq GRCh38/hg38

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Molecular Profile Indication/Tumor Type Response Type Therapy Name Approval Status Evidence Type Efficacy Evidence References
HRAS G12C head and neck squamous cell carcinoma predicted - sensitive Tipifarnib Preclinical - Cell line xenograft Actionable In a preclinical study, a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell line xenograft model harboring HRAS G12C was sensitive to treatment with Zarnestra (tipifarnib), demonstrating inhibition of tumor growth and vessel formation, increased apoptotic activity, and decreased cell proliferation (PMID: 32727882). 32727882
Molecular Profile Indication/Tumor Type Response Type Therapy Name Approval Status Evidence Type Efficacy Evidence References
HRAS act mut transitional cell carcinoma predicted - sensitive Tipifarnib Phase II Actionable In a Phase II trial, Zarnestra (tipifarnib) demonstrated safety and preliminary efficacy in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma harboring HRAS mutations (n=14) or STK11:rs2075606, 3 of 4 patients achieved progression-free survival at 6 months harbored HRAS activating mutations, and no response was observed in HRAS wild-type patients (J Clin Oncol 38: 2020 (suppl; abstr 5086); NCT02535650). detail...
HRAS act mut salivary gland carcinoma sensitive Tipifarnib Clinical Study Actionable In a clinical study, Zarnestra (tipifarnib) treatment resulted in an overall response rate of 8% (n=13) with one ongoing partial response with a duration of 14 months and stable disease as the best response in 58% (7/12) of evaluable patients with HRAS-mutant metastatic salivary gland carcinoma, and a median overall survival of 18 months, and a median progression-free survival of 7 months (PMID: 32557577). 32557577
HRAS mutant endometrial cancer sensitive Trametinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, Mekinist (trametinib) inhibited growth of human endometrial cancer cells harboring mutant HRAS in culture (PMID: 26343583). 26343583
HRAS mutant salivary gland cancer predicted - sensitive Tipifarnib Phase II Actionable In a Phase II trial (KO-TIP-001), Zarnestra (tipifarnib) treatment resulted in an objective response rate of 8% (1/12) in patients with recurrent or metastatic salivary gland cancer harboring HRAS mutations, with a median progression-free survival of 7 months (J Clin Oncol 38: 2020 (suppl; abstr 6504); NCT02383927). detail...
HRAS mutant head and neck squamous cell carcinoma predicted - sensitive Tipifarnib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines harboring an HRAS mutation were sensitive to treatment with Zarnestra (tipifarnib), demonstrating reduced cell growth and decreased phosphorylation of Erk and Mek, and inhibition of spheroid viability in culture (PMID: 32727882). 32727882
HRAS mutant head and neck squamous cell carcinoma predicted - sensitive Tipifarnib Phase II Actionable In a Phase II trial (KO-TIP-001), Zarnestra (tipifarnib) treatment resulted in an objective response rate of 56% (10/18) in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma harboring HRAS missense mutations at a variant allele frequency over 20%, with a median progression-free survival of 6.1 months (J Clin Oncol 38: 2020 (suppl; abstr 6504); NCT02383927). detail...
HRAS mutant ovarian cancer predicted - sensitive Alpelisib + Binimetinib Phase Ib/II Actionable In a Phase Ib study, Alpelisib (BYL719) in combination with Binimetinib (MEK162) demonstrated preliminary safety and efficacy in patients with RAS-mutant advanced solid tumors, including patients with ovarian cancer (J Clin Oncol 32:5s, 2014 (suppl; abstr 9051). detail...
HRAS mutant transitional cell carcinoma resistant Trametinib Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, human urinary transitional cell carcinoma cells harboring mutant HRAS were insensitive to Mekinist (trametinib) in culture (PMID: 26343583). 26343583
HRAS mutant Advanced Solid Tumor predicted - sensitive Selumetinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, human solid tumor cell lines harboring HRAS mutations demonstrated increased sensitivity to growth inhibition by Selumetinib (AZD6244) in culture compared to cell lines with wild-type HRAS (PMID: 26544513). 26544513
HRAS mutant breast cancer decreased response PI-273 Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, breast cancer cell lines harboring RAS mutations, including HRAS-mutant cell lines, demonstrated decreased sensitivity to growth inhibition by PI-273, in culture (PMID: 28827373). 28827373
HRAS mutant Advanced Solid Tumor predicted - sensitive Everolimus Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, human solid tumor cell lines harboring HRAS mutations demonstrated increased sensitivity to growth inhibition by Afinitor (everolimus) in culture compared to cell lines with wild-type HRAS (PMID: 26544513). 26544513
HRAS mutant Advanced Solid Tumor predicted - sensitive Binimetinib Preclinical - Cell culture Actionable In a preclinical study, Binimetinib (MEK162) inhibited growth and induced apoptosis in human solid tumor cell lines harboring HRAS mutations in culture (PMID: 26544513). 26544513
HRAS mutant transitional cell carcinoma predicted - sensitive Tipifarnib Phase II Actionable In a Phase II trial, Zarnestra (tipifarnib) demonstrated manageable toxicity profile, resulted in an objective response rate of 33.3% (5/15) in patients with transitional cell carcinoma harboring HRAS missense (Q61R, G12S, G13R) or frameshift (V29Cfs*19) mutations, progression-free survival was significantly improved in patients harboring HRAS mutations (5.1 vs 0.8 months, HR=0.262) compared to wild-type patients (PMID: 32636318; NCT02535650). 32636318
HRAS mutant thyroid gland medullary carcinoma sensitive Cabozantinib Phase III Actionable In a Phase III trial, Cometriq (cabozantinib) treatment resulted in improved progression free survival (47 vs 8 weeks) compared to placebo in thyroid medullary carcinoma patients harboring RAS mutations (PMID: 27525386). 27525386
HRAS mutant urinary bladder cancer sensitive Metformin Preclinical Actionable In a preclinical study, mouse models of bladder cancer harboring an HRAS mutation were sensitive to Glucophage (metformin), resulting in tumor growth reduction and prevention of hyperplasia regression (PMID: 26921394). 26921394